Després JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444:881–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Investig. 2017;127:1–4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stefan N, Häring HU, Hu FB, Schulze MB. Metabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1:152–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:758–69.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McLean BA, Wong CK, Campbell JE, Hodson DJ, Trapp S, Drucker DJ. Revisiting the Complexity of GLP-1 Action from Sites of Synthesis to Receptor Activation. Endocr Rev. 2021;42:101–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27:740–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drucker DJ. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Mol Metab. 2022;57:101351.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grill HJ. A Role for GLP-1 in Treating Hyperphagia and Obesity. Endocrinology. 2020;161:1–14.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor co-agonists for treating metabolic disease. Mol Metab. 2021;46:101090.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li P, Tiwari HK, Lin WY, Allison DB, Chung WK, Leibel RL, et al. Genetic association analysis of 30 genes related to obesity in a European American population. Int J Obes. 2014;38:724–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

de Luis DA, Ballesteros M, Lopez Guzman A, Ruiz E, Muñoz C, Penacho MA, et al. rs6923761 gene variant in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor: Allelic frequencies and influence on cardiovascular risk factors in a multicenter study of Castilla-Leon. Clin Nutr. 2018;37:2144–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moore LD, Le T, Fan G. DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38:23–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heikkinen A, Bollepalli S, Ollikainen M. The potential of DNA methylation as a biomarker for obesity and smoking. J Intern Med. 2022;292:390–408.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ling C, Rönn T. Epigenetics in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab. 2019;29:1028–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao W, Liu JL, Lu X, Yang Q. Epigenetic regulation of energy metabolism in obesity. J Mol Cell Biol. 2021;13:480–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hall E, Dayeh T, Kirkpatrick CL, Wollheim CB, Dekker Nitert M, Ling C. DNA methylation of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) in human pancreatic islets. BMC Med Genet. 2013;14:76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kirchner H, Sinha I, Gao H, Ruby MA, Schönke M, Lindvall JM, et al. Altered DNA methylation of glycolytic and lipogenic genes in liver from obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Mol Metab. 2016;5:171–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Battram T, Richmond RC, Baglietto L, Haycock PC, Perduca V, Bojesen SE, et al. Appraising the causal relevance of DNA methylation for risk of lung cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48:1493–504.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun M, Li S, Ning F, Zhang L, Wang W, Duan H, et al. Association between olfactory pathway gene variants and obesity in Chinese Han population: A case-control study based on genetic score. Gene. 2022;825:146442.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–97.

Chen C, Lu FC. The guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci. 2004;17:1–36.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun M, Jiang Y, Sun C, Li J, Guo X, Lv Y, et al. The associations between smoking and obesity in northeast China: a quantile regression analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3732.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu ZB, Zhu Y, Li D, Wu MY, Tang ML, Wang JB, et al. Association between visit-to-visit variability of HbA(1c) and cognitive decline: a pooled analysis of two prospective population-based cohorts. Diabetologia. 2020;63:85–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Isgin-Atici K, Alsulami S, Turan-Demirci B, Surendran S, Sendur SN, Lay I, et al. FTO gene-lifestyle interactions on serum adiponectin concentrations and central obesity in a Turkish population. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72:375–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Du P, Zhang X, Huang CC, Jafari N, Kibbe WA, Hou L, et al. Comparison of Beta-value and M-value methods for quantifying methylation levels by microarray analysis. BMC Bioinform. 2010;11:587.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yu H, Raut JR, Schöttker B, Holleczek B, Zhang Y, Brenner H. Individual and joint contributions of genetic and methylation risk scores for enhancing lung cancer risk stratification: data from a population-based cohort in Germany. Clin Epigenet. 2020;12:89.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Millstein J, Chen GK, Breton CV. cit: hypothesis testing software for mediation analysis in genomic applications. Bioinformatics. 2016;32:2364–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Nuotio ML, Slagter SN, Doiron D, Fischer K, Foco L, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolically healthy obesity in Europe: a collaborative analysis of ten large cohort studies. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lavie CJ, Laddu D, Arena R, Ortega FB, Alpert MA, Kushner RF. Healthy Weight and Obesity Prevention: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:1506–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page LC, Freemark M. Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Pediatric Obesity: Benefits, Risks, and Approaches to Patient Selection. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9:391–401.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michałowska J, Miller-Kasprzak E, Seraszek-Jaros A, Mostowska A, Bogdański P. Association of GLP1R variants rs2268641 and rs6923761 with obesity and other metabolic parameters in a Polish cohort. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1000185.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mansego ML, Milagro FI, Zulet M, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez JA. Differential DNA Methylation in Relation to Age and Health Risks of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:16816–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jönsson J, Renault KM, García-Calzón S, Perfilyev A, Estampador AC, Nørgaard K, et al. Lifestyle Intervention in Pregnant Women With Obesity Impacts Cord Blood DNA Methylation, Which Associates With Body Composition in the Offspring. Diabetes. 2021;70:854–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Willmer T, Goedecke JH, Dias S, Louw J, Pheiffer C. DNA methylation of FKBP5 in South African women: associations with obesity and insulin resistance. Clin Epigenet. 2020;12:141.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schübeler D. Function and information content of DNA methylation. Nature. 2015;517:321–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jurkowska RZ, Jurkowski TP, Jeltsch A. Structure and function of mammalian DNA methyltransferases. Chembiochem. 2011;12:206–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones PA. Functions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:484–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shayevitch R, Askayo D, Keydar I, Ast G. The importance of DNA methylation of exons on alternative splicing. RNA. 2018;24:1351–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Liu X, Tu R, Hou J, Zhuang G. Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Association of SOCS3 Methylation with Abdominal Obesity. Nutrients. 2022;14:3824–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar