Green, M. A. et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 60). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 30, 687–701 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Mitzi, D. B., Wang, S., Feild, C. A., Chess, C. A. & Guloy, A. M. Conducting layered organic–inorganic halides containing <110>-oriented perovskite sheets. Science 267, 1473–1476 (1995).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wehrenfennig, C., Eperon, G. E., Johnston, M. B., Snaith, H. J. & Herz, L. M. High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide perovskites. Adv. Mater. 26, 1584–1589 (2014).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Herz, L. M. Charge-carrier mobilities in metal halide perovskites: fundamental mechanisms and limits. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 1539–1548 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stranks, S. D. et al. Electron–hole diffusion lengths exceeding 1 micrometer in an organometal trihalide perovskite absorber. Science 342, 341–344 (2013).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, Z. et al. Enhancing electron diffusion length in narrow-bandgap perovskites for efficient monolithic perovskite tandem solar cells. Nat. Commun. 10, 4498 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Green, M. A., Jiang, Y., Soufiani, A. M. & Ho-Baillie, A. Optical properties of photovoltaic organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 4774–4785 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Wolf, S. et al. Organometallic halide perovskites: sharp optical absorption edge and its relation to photovoltaic performance. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1035–1039 (2014).

Article  Google Scholar 

Liang, J. et al. Defect-engineering-enabled high-efficiency all-inorganic perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 31, 1903448 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ledinsky, M. et al. Temperature dependence of the Urbach energy in lead iodide perovskites. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10, 1368–1373 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mehdizadeh-Rad, H. & Singh, J. Influence of Urbach energy, temperature, and longitudinal position in the active layer on carrier diffusion length in perovskite solar cells. ChemPhysChem 20, 2712–2717 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Subedi, B. et al. Urbach energy and open-circuit voltage deficit for mixed anion–cation perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 7796–7804 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Unger, E. L. et al. Roadmap and roadblocks for the band gap tunability of metal halide perovskites. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 11401–11409 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hörantner, M. T. et al. The potential of multijunction perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 2506–2513 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Lal, N. N., White, T. P. & Catchpole, K. R. Optics and light trapping for tandem solar cells on silicon. IEEE J. Photovolt. 4, 1380–1386 (2014).

Article  Google Scholar 

Tong, J. et al. Carrier lifetimes of >1 ms in Sn–Pb perovskites enable efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Science 364, 475–479 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hu, S. et al. Optimized carrier extraction at interfaces for 23.6% efficient tin–lead perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 2096–2107 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Slotcavage, D. J., Karunadasa, H. I. & McGehee, M. D. Light-induced phase segregation in halide-perovskite absorbers. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 1199–1205 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Conings, B. et al. Structure–property relations of methylamine vapor treated hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 films and solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 8092–8099 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tan, H. et al. Dipolar cations confer defect tolerance in wide-bandgap metal halide perovskites. Nat. Commun. 9, 3100 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Jaysankar, M. et al. Minimizing voltage loss in wide-bandgap perovskites for tandem solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 259–264 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tan, W., Bowring, A. R., Meng, A. C., McGehee, M. D. & McIntyre, P. C. Thermal stability of mixed cation metal halide perovskites in air. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 5485–5491 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ji, K., Anaya, M., Abfalterer, A. & Stranks, S. D. Halide perovskite light-emitting diode technologies. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9, 2002128 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ren, Z., Wang, K., Sun, X. W. & Choy, W. C. H. Strategies toward efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2100516 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang, D. et al. Toward stable and efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2109495 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liang, X. et al. Promoting energy transfer between quasi-2D perovskite layers toward highly efficient red light-emitting diodes. Small 18, 2204638 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu, Y. et al. Boosting the efficiency of quasi-2D perovskites light-emitting diodes by using encapsulation growth method. Nano Energy 80, 105511 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Warby, J. H. et al. Revealing factors influencing the operational stability of perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano 14, 8855–8865 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Stranks, S. D., Hoye, R. L. Z., Di, D., Friend, R. H. & Deschler, F. The physics of light emission in halide perovskite devices. Adv. Mater. 31, 1803336 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang, Z. et al. Manipulating the trade-off between quantum yield and electrical conductivity for high-brightness quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1804187 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Caprioglio, P. et al. On the relation between the open‐circuit voltage and quasi‐fermi level splitting in efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1901631 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Krückemeier, L., Rau, U., Stolterfoht, M. & Kirchartz, T. How to report record open‐circuit voltages in lead‐halide perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1902573 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Nayak, P. K., Mahesh, S., Snaith, H. J. & Cahen, D. Photovoltaic solar cell technologies: analysing the state of the art. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 269–285 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rau, U., Blank, B., Müller, T. C. M. & Kirchartz, T. Efficiency potential of photovoltaic materials and devices unveiled by detailed-balance analysis. Phys. Rev. Appl. 7, 044016 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Green, M. A. & Ho-Baillie, A. W. Y. Pushing to the limit: radiative efficiencies of recent mainstream and emerging solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 1639–1644 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Almora, O. et al. Quantifying the absorption onset in the quantum efficiency of emerging photovoltaic devices. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2100022 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen, H. et al. Regulating surface potential maximizes voltage in all-perovskite tandems. Nature 613, 676–681 (2023).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jiang, Q. et al. Compositional texture engineering for highly stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. Science 378, 1295–1300 (2022).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lin, R. et al. All-perovskite tandem solar cells with 3D/3D bilayer perovskite heterojunction. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06278-z (2023).

Article  Google Scholar 

Knight, A. J. & Herz, L. M. Preventing phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites: a perspective. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2024–2046 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barker, A. J. et al. Defect-assisted photoinduced halide segregation in mixed-halide perovskite thin films. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 1416–1424 (2017).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoon, S. J. et al. Tracking iodide and bromide ion segregation in mixed halide lead perovskites during photoirradiation. ACS Energy Lett. 1, 290–296 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Motti, S. G. et al. Phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites affects charge-carrier dynamics while preserving mobility. Nat. Commun. 12, 6955 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mahesh, S. et al. Revealing the origin of voltage loss in mixed-halide perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 258–267 (2020).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Caprioglio, P. et al. Nano-emitting heterostructures violate optical reciprocity and enable efficient photoluminescence in halide-segregated methylammonium-free wide bandgap perovskites. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 419–428 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Peña-Camargo, F. et al. Halide segregation versus interfacial recombination in bromide-rich wide-gap perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 2728–2736 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, Z. et al. Suppressed phase segregation for triple-junction perovskite solar cells. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06006-7 (2023).

Article