From the Division of Traumatology, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care (J.S.H., M.J.S.), and Department of Surgery (E.B.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Emergency Medicine (A.M.H.), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Division of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery (C.M.T., S.E.S., D.R.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.

Submitted: January 13, 2023, Revised: March 11, 2023, Accepted: April 2, 2023, Published online: June 15, 2023.

This study was presented at the 52nd annual meeting of the Western Trauma Association, March 5–10, 2023, in Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Justin S. Hatchimonji, MD, MBE, MSCE, Division of Traumatology, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th St, MOB 120, Philadelphia, PA 19104; email: [email protected].