From the Joint Trauma System, DoD Center of Excellence for Trauma (J.M.G.); The Geneva Foundation at U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (A.M.S., J.D.T., D.J.J.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Department of Surgery (J.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Surgery (M.M.), Keck School of Medicine, Surgery, Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery (P.S.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Army Blood Program, (J.B.C.); Armed Forces Medical Examiner System at Joint Trauma System (A.R.), DoD Center of Excellence for Trauma; U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, (A.C.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas; and Department of Trauma and Critical Care (M.S.), Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon.

Submitted: February 1, 2023, Revised: April 3, 2023, Accepted: April 13, 2023, Published online: July 3, 2023.

This study was presented at the 52th annual meeting of the Western Trauma Association, March 7, 2023, in Alberta, Canada.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Jennifer M. Gurney, MD, Joint Trauma System, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234; email: [email protected].