Safiri S, Karamzad N, Kaufman JS, et al. Prevalence, deaths and disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs) due to type 2 diabetes and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Front endocrinol. 2022;13:838027.

Yang JJ, Yu D, Wen W, et al. Association of diabetes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Asia: a pooled analysis of more than 1 million participants. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(4):e192696.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14790.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haines MS, Leong A, Porneala BC, Meigs JB, Miller KK. Association between muscle mass and diabetes prevalence independent of body fat distribution in adults under 50 years old. Nutr Diabetes. 2022;12(1):29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta P, Lanca C, Gan ATL, et al. The association between body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12634.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hsia DS, Grove O, Cefalu WT. An update on sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017;24(1):73–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kawai Y, Uneda K, Yamada T, et al. Comparison of effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with/without albuminuria: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109146.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scheen AJ. Effects of glucose-lowering agents on surrogate endpoints and hard clinical renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45(2):110–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otsuka H, Yokomizo H, Nakamura S, et al. Differential effect of canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on slow and fast skeletal muscles from nondiabetic mice. Biochem J. 2022;479(3):425–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta R, Alcantara R, Popli T, et al. Myopathy associated with statins and SGLT2 – a review of literature. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021;46(4):100765.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yasuda M, Iizuka K, Kato T, et al. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and sarcopenia in a lean elderly adult with type 2 diabetes: a case report. J diabetes Investig. 2020;11(3):745–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bamba R, Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, et al. Extracellular lipidome change by an SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, contributes to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy in db/db mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(1):574–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamazaki H, Tauchi S, Machann J, et al. Fat distribution patterns and future type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2022;71(9):1937–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith GI, Shankaran M, Yoshino M, et al. Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(3):1453–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khamseh ME, Malek M, Aghili R, Emami Z. Sarcopenia and diabetes: pathogenesis and consequences. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis. 2011;11(5):230–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dhar M, Kapoor N, Suastika K, et al. South Asian Working Action Group on SARCOpenia (SWAG-SARCO)—a consensus document. Osteoporosis Sarcopenia. 2022;8(2):35–57.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Huang X, Dong M, Wen S, Zhou L, Yuan X. The association between sarcopenia and diabetes: from pathophysiology mechanism to therapeutic strategy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:1541–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clegg A, Bates C, Young J, et al. Development and validation of an electronic frailty index using routine primary care electronic health record data. Age Ageing. 2016;45(3):353–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Purnamasari D, Tetrasiwi EN, Kartiko GJ, Astrella C, Husam K, Laksmi PW. Sarcopenia and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Diabet Stud. 2022;18(3):157–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perry BD, Caldow MK, Brennan-Speranza TC, et al. Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2016;22:94–109.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scicchitano BM, Pelosi L, Sica G, Musarò A. The physiopathologic role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Mech Ageing Dev. 2018;170:37–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Waqas K, Chen J, Trajanoska K, et al. Skin autofluorescence, a noninvasive biomarker for advanced glycation end-products, is associated with sarcopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(2):e793–803.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scheen AJ, Van Gaal LF. Combating the dual burden: therapeutic targeting of common pathways in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(11):911–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao D, Asberry PJ, Shofer JB, et al. Improvement of BMI, body composition, and body fat distribution with lifestyle modification in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(9):1504–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strain WD, Down S, Brown P, Puttanna A, Sinclair A. Diabetes and frailty: an expert consensus statement on the management of older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(5):1227–47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2015;128(11):1225–36.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(9):961–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chao EC. SGLT-2 inhibitors: a new mechanism for glycemic control. Clin Diabetes. 2014;32(1):4–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dennis VW, Brazy PC. Phosphate and glucose transport in the proximal convoluted tubule: mutual dependency on sodium. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1978;103:79–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vallon V, Platt KA, Cunard R, et al. SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the early proximal tubule. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(1):104–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rieg T, Vallon V. Development of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors. Diabetologia. 2018;61(10):2079–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wu N, Sun C, Jin D, Lu H. Effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15(1):113.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haddad F, Dokmak G, Bader M, Karaman R. A comprehensive review on weight loss associated with anti-diabetic medications. Life (Basel). 2023;13(4):1012.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schork A, Saynisch J, Vosseler A, et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown E, Wilding JPH, Barber TM, Alam U, Cuthbertson DJ. Weight loss variability with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: mechanistic possibilities. Obes Rev. 2019;20(6):816–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed