Roth T. Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3:S7-10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Buysse DJ. Sleep and youth suicidal behavior: a neglected field. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006;19:288–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000218600.40593.18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owens J. Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: an update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e921–32. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1696.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Chan NY, Lam SP, Li SX, Liu Y, Chan JW, et al. Emergence of sex differences in insomnia symptoms in adolescents: a large-scale school-based study. Sleep. 2016;39:1563–70. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H. Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: a review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep Med. 2011;12:110–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.11.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li SX, Chan NY, Man Yu MW, Lam SP, Zhang J, Yan Chan JW, et al. Eveningness chronotype, insomnia symptoms, and emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents. Sleep Med. 2018;47:93–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.025.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung KF, Kan KK, Yeung WF. Assessing insomnia in adolescents: comparison of Insomnia Severity Index, Athens Insomnia Scale and Sleep Quality Index. Sleep Med. 2011;12:463–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuksel D, Kiss O, Prouty DE, Baker FC, de Zambotti M. Clinical characterization of insomnia in adolescents—an integrated approach to psychopathology. Sleep Med. 2022;93:26–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buysse DJ, Ancoli-Israel S, Edinger JD, Lichstein KL, Morin CM. Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep. 2006;29:1155–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moul DE, Hall M, Pilkonis PA, Buysse DJ. Self-report measures of insomnia in adults: rationales, choices, and needs. Sleep Med Rev. 2004;8:177–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1087-0792(03)00060-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chervin RD, Hedger K, Dillon JE, Pituch KJ. Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ): validity and reliability of scales for sleep-disordered breathing, snoring, sleepiness, and behavioral problems. Sleep Med. 2000;1:21–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep. 2000;23:1043–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

Book  Google Scholar 

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD-3). Darien: AASM; 2014.

Google Scholar 

Liu XC, Yang YY, Liu ZZ, Luo YC, Fan F, Jia CX. Psychometric properties of Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale (YSIS) in Chinese adolescents. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2019;17:339–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-019-00222-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, et al. Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: the importance of nutrition and physical activity. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021;21:100218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.100218.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu C, Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang L, Guo T, et al. Moving more and sitting less as healthy lifestyle behaviors are protective factors for insomnia, depression, and anxiety among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:1223–33. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S284103.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang D, Chen H, Zhai S, Zhu Z, Huang S, Zhou X, et al. Is returning to school during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status of Chinese college students. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:261–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.035.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Mi L, Zhao J, Chen H, Wang D, Ma Z, et al. The Moderating role of lifestyle on insomnia in home quarantine college students during the COVID-19 epidemic. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:830383. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.830383.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tao Y, Hou W, Niu H, Ma Z, Zhang S, Zhang L, et al. Centrality and bridge symptoms of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic—a network analysis. Curr Psychol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03443-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Geng F, Li S, Yang Y, Zou J, Tu L, Wang J. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community sample of Chinese adults. J Affect Disord. 2021;291:368–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.050.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Tao Y, Hou W, Niu H, Ma Z, Zheng Z, et al. Seeking bridge symptoms of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance among the elderly during the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic—a network approach. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:919251. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.919251.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Wang D, Zhao J, Chen XY, Chen H, Ma Z, et al. Insomnia and other sleep-related problems during the remission period of the COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale survey among college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2021;304:114153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114153.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Yang Y, Luo Y, Liu ZZ, Jia CX, Liu X. A longitudinal study of insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and academic performance in Chinese adolescents. Behav Sleep Med. 2022;20:798–808.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang L, Liang K, Jiang W, Huang Q, Gong N, Chi X. Prevalence and correlates of mental health problems among Chinese adolescents with frequent peer victimization experiences. Children (Basel). 2021;8:403. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050403.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu XC, Yan YY, Liu ZZ, Che H, Fan F, Jia CX. Psychometric assessment of the Chinese adolescent daytime sleepiness scale (CADSS). Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2017;15:9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu XC, Yang YY, Liu ZZ, Chen H, Fan F, Jia CX. Psychometric assessment of the Chinese adolescent daytime sleepiness scale (CADSS). Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2017;15:207–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang ZY, Liu ZZ, Jia CX, Liu X. Age at menarche, menstrual problems, and daytime sleepiness in Chinese adolescent girls. Sleep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz061.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Liu ZZ, Wang ZY, Yang Y, Liu BP, Jia CX. Daytime sleepiness predicts future suicidal behavior: a longitudinal study of adolescents. Sleep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy225.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu T, Wang Y, Lin L, Tang W. The mediating role of daytime sleepiness between problematic smartphone use and post-traumatic symptoms in COVID-19 home-refined adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021;126:106012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106012.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385–401.

Article  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Liu ZZ, Liu BP, Jia CX. Nightmare frequency and psychopathological problems in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57:805–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02224-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus user’s guide (version 8th). Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles; 1998–2022.

Asparouhov T, Muthén B. Exploratory structural equation modeling. struct Equ Model. 2009;16:397–438.

Article  Google Scholar 

Green SB, Yang Y. Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: an alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika. 2009;74:155–67.

Article  Google Scholar