Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2022.

Meriggi F, Vermi W, Bertocchi P, Zaniboni A. The emerging role of NRAS mutations in colorectal cancer patients selected for anti-EGFR therapies. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2014;9(1):8–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baselga J. The EGFR as a target for anticancer therapy—focus on cetuximab. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:16–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, Khayat D, Bleiberg H, Santoro A, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(4):337–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jonker DJ, O’Callaghan CJ, Karapetis CS, Zalcberg JR, Tu D, Au H-J, et al. Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2040–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Roock W, Claes B, Bernasconi D, De Schutter J, Biesmans B, Fountzilas G, et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):753–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Nicolantonio F, Martini M, Molinari F, Sartore Bianchi A, Arena S, Saletti P, et al. Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. 2008.

Tran B, Kopetz S, Tie J, Gibbs P, Jiang ZQ, Lieu CH, et al. Impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on the pattern of metastatic spread and prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2011;117(20):4623–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martianov AS, Mitiushkina NV, Ershova AN, Martynenko DE, Bubnov MG, Amankwah P, et al. KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, HER2 and MSI status in a large consecutive series of colorectal carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(5):4868.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(6):1471–4.

Yamane L, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Alvarenga L, Oliveira C, Berardinelli G, Almodova E, et al. KRAS and BRAF mutations and MSI status in precursor lesions of colorectal cancer detected by colonoscopy. Oncol Rep. 2014;32(4):1419–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berardinelli GN, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Durães R, de Oliveira MA, Guimarães D, Reis RM. Advantage of HSP110 (T17) marker inclusion for microsatellite instability (MSI) detection in colorectal cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2018;9(47):28691.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roth A, Tejpar S, Delorenzi M, Yan P, Fiocca R, Klingbiel D, et al. Prognostic role of KRAS and BRAF in stage II and III resected colon cancer: results of the translational study on the PETACC-3, EORTC 40993, SAKK 60–00 trial. J Clin Oncol: Official J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;28(3):466–74.

Article  Google Scholar 

Berardinelli GN. Elucidação do impacto molecular e clínico da instabilidade de microssatéliteem pacientes com câncer colorretal do Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. 2017.

Pietrantonio F, Petrelli F, Coinu A, Di Bartolomeo M, Borgonovo K, Maggi C, et al. Predictive role of BRAF mutations in patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving cetuximab and panitumumab: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51(5):587–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forbes SA, Beare D, Gunasekaran P, Leung K, Bindal N, Boutselakis H, et al. COSMIC: exploring the world’s knowledge of somatic mutations in human cancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(D1):D805–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao J, Aksoy BA, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer SO, et al. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal. Sci Signal. 2013;6(269):pl1–pl.

Hernández-Sandoval JA, Gutiérrez-Angulo M, Magaña-Torres MT, Alvizo-Rodríguez CR, Ramírez-Plascencia HHF, Flores-López BA, et al. Prevalence of the BRAF p. v600e variant in patients with colorectal cancer from Mexico and its estimated frequency in Latin American and Caribbean populations. J Investig Med. 2020;68(5):985–91.

Durães RO, Berardinelli GN, Da Costa AM, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Pereira R, Oliveira MA, et al. Role of genetic ancestry in 1,002 Brazilian colorectal cancer patients from Barretos Cancer Hospital. Front Oncol. 2020:145.

Pereira AAL, Fernandes GDS, Braga GT, Marchetti KR, do Couto Mascarenhas C, Gumz B, et al. Differences in pathology and mutation status among colorectal cancer patients younger than, older than, and of screening age. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2020;19(4):e264–e71.

Dos Santos W, Sobanski T, De Carvalho AC, Evangelista AF, Matsushita M, Berardinelli GN, et al. Mutation profiling of cancer drivers in Brazilian colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rasuck CG, Leite SM, Komatsuzaki F, Ferreira AC, Oliveira VC, Gomes KB. Association between methylation in mismatch repair genes, V600E BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer patients. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(3):2553–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yokota T, Ura T, Shibata N, Takahari D, Shitara K, Nomura M, et al. BRAF mutation is a powerful prognostic factor in advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(5):856–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karapetis CS, Jonker D, Daneshmand M, Hanson JE, O'Callaghan CJ, Marginean C, et al. PIK3CA, BRAF, and PTEN status and benefit from cetuximab in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer—results from NCIC CTG/AGITG CO. 17. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(3):744–53.

Rowland A, Dias M, Wiese M, Kichenadasse G, McKinnon R, Karapetis C, et al. Meta-analysis of BRAF mutation as a predictive biomarker of benefit from anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody therapy for RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(12):1888–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stintzing S, Heinrich K, Tougeron D, Modest DP, Schwaner I, Euker J, et al. Randomized study to investigate FOLFOXIRI plus either bevacizumab or cetuximab as first-line treatment of BRAF V600E-mutant mCRC: the phase-II FIRE-4.5 study (AIO KRK-0116). Wolters Kluwer Health. 2021.

Ciombor KK, Strickler JH, Bekaii-Saab TS, Yaeger R. BRAF-mutated advanced colorectal cancer: a rapidly changing therapeutic landscape. J Clin Oncol. 2022:JCO. 21.02541.

Tabernero J, Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Yaeger R, Wasan H, Yoshino T, et al. Encorafenib Plus Cetuximab as a New Standard of Care for Previously Treated BRAF V600E-Mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: updated survival results and subgroup analyses from the BEACON study. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(4):273–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Irahara N, Baba Y, Nosho K, Shima K, Yan L, Dias-Santagata D, et al. NRAS mutations are rare in colorectal cancer. Diagnostic molecular pathology: the American journal of surgical pathology, part B. 2010;19(3):157.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morkel M, Riemer P, Bläker H, Sers C. Similar but different: distinct roles for KRAS and BRAF oncogenes in colorectal cancer development and therapy resistance. Oncotarget. 2015;6(25):20785.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cremolini C, Loupakis F, Antoniotti C, Lupi C, Sensi E, Lonardi S, et al. FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: updated overall survival and molecular subgroup analyses of the open-label, phase 3 TRIBE study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1306–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Network CGA. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 2012;487(7407):330.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nojadeh JN, Sharif SB, Sakhinia E. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. EXCLI J. 2018;17:159.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koopman M, Kortman G, Mekenkamp L, Ligtenberg M, Hoogerbrugge N, Antonini N, et al. Deficient mismatch repair system in patients with sporadic advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009;100(2):266–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Merok M, Ahlquist T, Røyrvik E, Tufteland K, Hektoen M, Sjo O, et al. Microsatellite instability has a positive prognostic impact on stage II colorectal cancer after complete resection: results from a large, consecutive Norwegian series. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(5):1274–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Müller C, Schulmann K, Reinacher-Schick A, Andre N, Arnold D, Tannapfel A, et al. Predictive and prognostic value of microsatellite instability in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with a fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin containing first-line chemotherapy. A report of the AIO colorectal study group. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(11):1033–9.

Buzaid AC, de Cerqueira MC, Perazzo F, Simon SD, Fein L, Hidalgo J, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan in pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer progressing on irinotecan: the LABEL study. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2010;9(5):282–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim R, Sun Y, Im S-A, Hsieh R-K, Yau TK, Bonaventura A, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan in pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients: the ELSIE study. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2011;17(14):1879.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilke H, Glynne-Jones R, Thaler J, Adenis A, Preusser P, Aguilar EA, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan in heavily pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer progressing on irinotecan: MABEL Study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(33):5335–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petrelli F, Tomasello G, Borgonovo K, Ghidini M, Turati L, Dallera P, et al. Prognostic survival associated with left-sided vs right-sided colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(2):211–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Ma J, Zhang S, Deng G, Wu X, He J, et al. A prognostic analysis of 895 cases of stage III colon cancer in different colon subsites. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2015;30(9):1173–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heinemann V, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, Kiani A, Vehling-Kaiser U, Al-Batran S-E, et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1065–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Missiaglia E, Jacobs B, D’ario G, Di Narzo A, Soneson C, Budinska E, et al. Distal and proximal colon cancers differ in terms of molecular, pathological, and clinical features. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(10):1995–2001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loree JM, Pereira AA, Lam M, Willauer AN, Raghav K, Dasari A, et al. Classifying colorectal cancer by tumor location rather than sidedness highlights a continuum in mutation profiles and consensus molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(5):1062–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sinicrope FA, Mahoney MR, Yoon HH, Smyrk TC, Thibodeau SN, Goldberg RM, et al. Analysis of molecular markers by anatomic tumor site in stage III colon carcinomas from adjuvant chemotherapy trial NCCTG N0147 (alliance). Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(23):52