*ITS Data Science, Premier, Inc.

†Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

‡School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

§Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London

∥Statistical Solutions, Bayesian Solutions LLC

¶Carolinas College of Health Sciences, Atrium Health, Charlotte NC

The Premier Healthcare Database is considered exempt from Institutional Review Board oversight as dictated by Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46 of the United States, specifically 45 CFR 46.101(b)(4). In accordance with the HIPAA Privacy Rule, disclosed data from the PHD are considered de-identified per 45 CFR 164.506(d)(2)(ii)(B) through the “Expert Determination” method.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Michael Korvink, MA, 13034 Ballantyne Corporate Place, Charlotte, NC 28277. E-mail: [email protected].

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