aDepartment of Neonatology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital

bBiomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

cSt Marys Campus, Medical School, Imperial College London, London

dUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham

eDivision of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge

fInstitute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London

gDepartment of Fetal Medicine, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, Du Cane Rd, White City

hOrigins of Health and Disease, Centre for Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK

Correspondence to Dr Jayanta Banerjee, Department of Neonatology, Room 524 Hammersmith House, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK. Tel: +44 20 3313 7308; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: AGA, appropriately grown for gestational age; aIMT, aortic intima–media thickness; AIx, augmentation index; bfPWV, brachiofemoral pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; brPWV, brachioradial pulse wave velocity; BSA, body surface area; CCA, common carotid arteries; cfPWV, carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity; cIMT, carotid intima–media thickness; crPWV, carotid–radial PWV; CV(D), cardiovascular (disease); EFW, estimated foetal weight; EXPRESS, Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study; fdPWV, femoral-dorsalis-pedis PWV; FGD, foetal growth deceleration; FGR, foetal growth restriction; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; IVRT, isovolumetric relaxation time; LA:Ao ratio, left atrial to aortic root ratio; LBW, low birth weight; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricle; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PE, pre-eclampsia; PP, pulse pressure; PVR, peripheral vascular resistance; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RPWG, rapid postnatal weight gain; SGA, small-for-gestational age; TDI, tissue doppler imaging; VLBW, very-low birth weight; WBAC, whole-body arterial compliance

Received 20 September, 2022

Revised 21 February, 2023

Accepted 27 March, 2023

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