Boulet, L. P. & Boulay, M. È. Asthma-related comorbidities. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 5, 377–393 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boulet, L. P. et al. Asthma with irreversible airway obstruction in smokers and nonsmokers: Links between airway inflammation and structural changes. Respiration. 8, 1–11 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Huang, S. et al. Home environmental and lifestyle factors associated with asthma, rhinitis and wheeze in children in Beijing, China. Environ. Pollut. 256, 113426 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russell, R. J. & Brightling, C. Pathogenesis of asthma: Implications for precision medicine. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 131, 1723–1735 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olea-Flores, M. et al. 12. New actors driving the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: The role of leptin. Biomolecules. 10, 1676 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar, R. et al. Association of leptin with obesity and insulin resistance. Cureus. 12, e12178 (2020).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peters, U., Dixon, A. E. & Forno, E. Obesity and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 141, 1169–1179 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mims, J. W. Asthma: Definitions and pathophysiology. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 5, S2–S6 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baek, H. S., Choi, J. H., Oh, J. W. & Lee, H. B. Leptin and urinary leukotriene E4 and 9alpha, 11beta- prostaglandin F2 release after exercise challenge. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 111, 112–117 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jutant, E. M., Tu, L., Humbert, M., Guignabert, C. & Huertas, A. The Thousand Faces of Leptin in the Lung. Chest. 159, 239–248 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu, H. M., Tang, H. P., Liu, J. & Lu, W. X. The association between serum interleukin-17 and leptin in obese asthma patients. Contemporary Med. 17, 10–11 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Bian, F. F., Zhang, C. L., Zhen, Q. & Qu, C. X. Correlation of leptin and IL-17 with asthma predicting index in infants with wheeze. J. Clin. Pulm. Med. 21, 1853–1855 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Zhang, H. P., Pang, S. J., Li, Y. X., Feng, N. & Wang, C. F. Correlation of serum leptin, simple obesity and childhood asthma. Anhui Med. J. 33, 293–295 (2012).

Google Scholar 

Peng, F., Wu, S. Y. & Liu, Z. M. Influence of leptin on Th1/Th2 balance in obese children with asthma. Chinese J. Immunol. 7, 968–971 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Li, Y. X. & Ji, X. Associations of leptin and leptin receptor mRNA expression to asthma and obesity. J. Clin. Pulm. Med. 7, 1175–1179 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Gao, W. W. et al. Relationships between leptin lvels and the degree of asthma control. J. Chengde Med. College 33, 367–369 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Li, J., Weng, Y. Q., Zeng, L. H. & Zeng, F. R. Research on leptin in the pathogenesis of obese adult asthma. China Med. Herald 15, 55–58 (2018).

Google Scholar 

Zhao, J. H., Hong, F. & Kong, W. Clinical significances of serum leptin and IL-17 status in children with asthma. Guangxi Med. J. 9, 1309–1310 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Xu, Q. L. et al. The significance of peripheral blood CD4+ T cell-derived leptin in asthmatic children. J. Clin. Pediatr. 2, 122–125 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Xiao, C. Y., Hou, J. H. & Chen, J. J. Detection and analysis of leptin level in asthma children. ShenZhen J. Integr. Traditional Chinese Western Med. 19, 158–159 (2009).

Google Scholar 

Li, Y. C. et al. Association between BMI and leptin level in asthma. Heilongjiang Med. Pharm. 37, 63–64 (2014).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang, H. P., Li, Y. X., Pang, S. J., Feng, N. & Wang, C. F. The expression and clinical significance of the serum leptin、eotaxin and TIgE in asthmatic infant and young children. Shananxi Med. J. 42, 99–101 (2013).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Pan, J. W. Effect of long-term inhalation of glucocorticoids on the level of leptin, IL-13 and IL-2 in bronchial asthmatic children. J. Radioimmunol. 24, 369–372 (2011).

Google Scholar 

Zhang, J., Chen, S. Z., Lou, S. Z., Xu, C. H. & Wang, C. Y. The Clinical significances of serum leptin in the acute phase of asthma in children. Chinese J. Crit. Care Med. 3, 205–206 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Yang, M. & Chen, Y. P. Association between serum leptin level and disease severity of asthma in children. J. Clin. Emerg. 1, 27–29 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Liang, Y. et al. Analysis of correlative factors of serum leptin levels in asthmatic patients. Natl. Med. J. China 96, 2889–2992 (2016).

CAS  Google Scholar 

He, S. W., Zhu, S. Y., Liu, P. L. & Zheng, Y. L. Relationship between serum leptin levels in patients with severe asthma and asthma severity. Shandong Med. J. 52, 20–22 (2012).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Baek, H. S. et al. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels correlate with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 107, 14–21 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li, Z. et al. Role of Leptin in the Association Between Body Adiposity and Persistent Asthma: A Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 27, 894–898 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodini, A. et al. Serum and exhaled breath condensate leptin levels in asthmatic and obesity children: a pilot study. J. Breath Res. 11, 046005 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nasiri Kalmarzi, R. et al. Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in asthmatic patients and its relation with asthma severity, lung function and BMI. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr) 45, 258–264 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Ayed, M. et al. Obesity and childhood asthma in male schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia: Is there a role for leptin, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-21? Ann. Saudi Med. 39, 295–301 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sood, A., Ford, E. S. & Camargo, C. A. Jr Association between leptin and asthma in adults. Thorax. 61, 300–305 (2006).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Szczepankiewicz, D. et al. Leptin gene polymorphism affects leptin level in childhood asthma. World J. Pediatr. 14, 601–606 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang, F. et al. Adipokines, asymmetrical dimethylarginine, and pulmonary function in adolescents with asthma and obesity. J. Asthma 54, 153–161 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coffey, M. J., Torretti, B. & Mancuso, P. Adipokines and Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. J. Allergy (Cairo) 2015, 157919 (2015).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morishita, R. et al. Body mass index, adipokines and insulin resistance in asthmatic children and adolescents. J. Asthma 53, 478–484 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Huisstede, A. et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on asthma control, lung function and bronchial and systemic inflammation in morbidly obese subjects with asthma. Thorax 70, 659–667 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rastogi, D. et al. Inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and pulmonary function among obese urban adolescents with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 191, 149–160 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haidari, F., Mohammadshahi, M., Borsi, S. H., Haghighizadeh, M.-H. & Malgard, S. Comparison of essential fatty acid intakes and serum levels of inflammatory factors between asthmatic and healthy adults: A case-control study. Iran J. Allerg. Asthma Immunol. 13, 335–342 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Wahab, A. A., Maarafiya, M. M., Soliman, A., Younes, N. B. M. & Chandra, P. Serum Leptin and Adiponectin Levels in Obese and Nonobese Asthmatic School Children in relation to Asthma Control. J. Allerg. (Cairo) 2013, 654104 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Youssef, D. M., Elbehidy, R. M., Shokry, D. M. & Elbehidy, E. M. The influence of leptin on Th1/Th2 balance in obese children with asthma. J. Bras. Pneumol. 39, 562–568 (2013).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abd El-Kader, M. S., Al-Jiffri, O. & Ashmawy, E. M. Impact of weight loss on markers of systemic inflammation in obese Saudi children with asthma. Afr. Health Sci. 13, 682–688 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cobanoglu, N., Galip, N., Dalkan, C. & Bahceciler, N. N. Leptin, ghrelin and calprotectin: inflammatory markers in childhood asthma? Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 8, 62 (2013).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Doniec, Z., Pierzchala-Koziec, K., Tomalak, W. & RyszardKurzawa, R. Serum level of leptin and neuropeptide Y in children with mild asthma. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol. 72, 9–13 (2004).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu, W., Ji, X., Zhang, Z. Z., Wang, F. H. & Zhang, W. Y.Association between polymorphism of leptin rreceptor gene and serum leptin in asthma. J. Chin. Clin. Med. 29, 1147–1150 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Muc, M., Todo-Bom, A., Mota-Pinto, A., Vale-Pereira, S. & Loureiro, C. Leptin and resistin in overweight patients with and without asthma. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr) 42, 415–421 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed