Mogasale V, Maskery B, Ochiai RL, Lee JS, Mogasale VV, Ramani E, et al. Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2:e570–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70301-8.
• Cao Y, Karthikeyan AS, Ramanujam K, Raju R, Krishna S, Kumar D, et al. Geographic pattern of typhoid fever in India: a model-based estimate of cohort and surveillance data. J Infect Dis. 2021;224:S475-S483. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab187The authors done an extensive work to find out the prevalence of typhoid fever across the country and provided the data of different regions.
Waddington CS, Darton TC, Woodward WE, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ. Advancing the management and control of typhoid fever: a review of the historical role of human challenge studies. J Infect. 2014;68:405–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.01.006.
Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:901–37. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00002-15.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mogasale V, Ramani E, Mogasale VV, Park J. What proportion of Salmonella typhi cases are detected by blood culture? A systematic literature review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-016-0147-z.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kariuki S, Gordon MA, Feasey N, Parry CM. Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease. Vaccine. 2015;33:C21–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.102.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
•• Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Khalid M, Kazi AM, Lohana H, Karim S, et al. Outbreak investigation of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and its risk factors among the general population in Hyderabad, Pakistan: a matched case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:1368–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30483-3The authors provided a case-control study on the outbreak of ceftriaxone-resistant typhoid fever and identified contaminated community water source as a causal factor.
Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A. Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD001261. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4.
Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1770–82. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra020201.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Khan FY, Al-Ani A, Ali HA. Typhoid rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and acute pancreatitis: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13:e282–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.11.009.
Huang GC, Chang CM, Ko WC, Huang YL, Chuang YC. Typhoid fever complicated by multiple organ involvement: report of two cases. J Infect. 2005;51:E57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.08.018.
Ali M, Abdalla H. Salmonella typhi infection complicated by rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitis and polyneuropathy. Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2011;4:91–3.
Odetunde OI, Ezenwosu OU, Odetunde OA, Azubuike JC. Typhoid glomerulonephritis and intestinal perforation in a Nigerian child. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17:655–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.141442.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Meena VK, Kumar N, Nawal R. An unusual presentation of typhoid fever causing aseptic meningitis, acute pancreatitis, acute glomerulonephritis, acute hepatitis. Chin Med J. 2013;126:397–8. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20121930.
Asano T, Kuwabara K, Takagi A, Hatori T, Hamada H, Imai T, et al. Acute pancreatitis complicating typhoid fever in a 4-year-old girl. Pediatr Int. 2007;49:1004–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02465.x.
Lambotte O, Debord T, Castagné C, Roué R. Unusual presentation of typhoid fever: cutaneous vasculitis, pancreatitis, and splenic abscess. J Infect. 2001;42:161–2. https://doi.org/10.1053/jinf.2000.0783.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stauffer W, Mantey K, Kamat D. Multiple extraintestinal manifestations of typhoid fever. Infection. 2002;30:113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-002-1121-6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Joshi N, Bhattacharya M, Yadav S, Rustogi D. Cranial nerve palsies in typhoid fever: report of three cases. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2011;31:255–8. https://doi.org/10.1179/1465328111Y.0000000023.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Julià J, Canet JJ, Lacasa XM, González G, Garau J. Spontaneous spleen rupture during typhoid fever. Int J Infect Dis. 2000;4:108–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(00)90104-8.
Mitra S, Karthik R, Balaji V, George IA, Kapil A, Abraham OC. Quinolone-resistant Salmonella enteric serovar typhi presenting as acute fulminant hepatitis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:338–9.
Khan FY, Elouzi EB, Asif M. Acute acalculous cholecystitis complicating typhoid fever in an adult patient: a case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009;7:203–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.05.006.
Khan FY, El-Hiday AH, Kamel HA. Typhoid osteomyelitis of the lumbar spine. Hong Kong Med J. 2006;12:391–393. https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v12n5/391.htm
Khoo HW, Chua YY, Chen JL. Salmonella typhi vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess. Case Rep Orthop. 2016;2016:6798157. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6798157.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Albaqali A, Ghuloom A, Al Arrayed A, Al Ajami A, Shome DK, Jamsheer A, et al. Hemolytic uremic syndrome in association with typhoid fever. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:709–13. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2003.50135.
Parmar RC, Bavdekar SB, Houilgol R, Muranjan MN. Nephritis and cerebellar ataxia: rare presenting features of enteric fever. J Postgrad Med. 2000;46:184–6.
Singh G, Dasgupta M, Gautam V, Behera A, Ray P. Bilateral breast abscesses due to Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3:402–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.91069.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Non LR, Patel R, Esmaeeli A, Despotovic V. Typhoid fever complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and rhabdomyolysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93:1068–9. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0385.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pandey M, Dhingra B, Sharma S, Chandra J, Pemde H, Singh V. Enteric fever presenting as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Indian J Pediatr. 2012;79:1671–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0728-6.
Pineda MC, Lopinto-Khoury C. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis secondary to typhoid fever: a case report and brief summary of the literature. Neurologist. 2012;18:202–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0b013e31825cf3e1.
Duhil de Bénazé G, Desselas E, Houdouin V, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Kheniche A, Dauger S, et al. Pneumonia with pleural empyema caused by Salmonella typhi in an immunocompetent child living in a non-endemic country. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2018;38:227–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2017.1316938
Prabhushanker M, Topiwalla TT, Ganesan G, Appandaraj S. Bilateral retinitis following typhoid fever. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2017;3:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-017-0065-z.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hanel RA, Araújo JC, Antoniuk A, da Silva Ditzel LF, Flenik Martins LT, Linhares MN. Multiple brain abscesses caused by Salmonella typhi: case report. Surg Neurol. 2000;53:86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(99)00161-5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Momen ABI, Twinkle FQ, Rahman A, Quraishi FA. Guillain-Barre syndrome in a case of typhoid fever: an uncommon association. Bangladesh J Med. 2021;32:142–4. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v32i2.53799.
Mishra K, Kaur S, Basu S, Gulati P, Parakh A. Acute transverse myelitis: an unusual complication of typhoid fever. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012;32:174–6. https://doi.org/10.1179/2046905512Y.0000000011.
Bhatt GC, Dewan V, Dewan T, Yadav TP. Pseudotumour cerebri with multiple cranial nerve palsies in enteric fever. Indian J Pediatr. 2014;81:196–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-013-0965-3.
Dadia SD, Modi RR, Shirwadkar S, Potdar NA, Shinde CA, Nair AG. Salmonella typhi associated endogenous endophthalmitis: a case report and a review of literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26:527–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2017.1306085.
Dhakad U, Das SK, Srivastva D, Nolkha N. Arthritis and adult respiratory distress syndrome: unusual presentations of typhoid fever. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014204266. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-204266
Bansal N, Kaistha N, Chander J. Epididymo-orchitis: an unusual manifestation of salmonellosis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2012;45:318–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2011.09.017.
Robson C, O’Sullivan MVN, Sivagnanam S. Salmonella enteric serovar typhi: an unusual cause of infective endocarditis. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2018;3:35. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3010035.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nair RK, Mehta SR, Kumaravelu S. Typhoid fever presenting as acute psychosis. Med J Armed Forces India. 2003;59:252–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(03)80023-0.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vagholkar K, Mirani J, Jain U, Iyengar M, Chavan RK. Abdominal complications of typhoid fever. J Surgery. 2015;10:227–8. https://doi.org/10.7438/1584-9341-10-4-9.
Comments (0)