GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362.
World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight; 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 10 Feb 2022
Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2015–2016; 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_15_16/obesity_child_15_16.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2022
Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33(7):673–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x.
Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997;127(5 Suppl):990S–1S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.5.990S.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169.
Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(4):249–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2011.01.003.
Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by special interest groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics". Clin Nutr. 2010;29(2):154–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.004.
Cao L, Morley JE. Sarcopenia is recognized as an independent condition by an International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) code. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(8):675–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.06.001.
Khadra D, Itani L, Tannir H, et al. Association between sarcopenic obesity and higher risk of type 2 diabetes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Diabetes. 2019;10(5):311–23. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v10.i5.311.
Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Obes Facts. 2022;15(3):321–35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000521241.
Schrager MA, Metter EJ, Simonsick E, et al. (2007) Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol. 1985;102(3):919–25. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2006.
Correa-de-Araujo R, Addison O, Miljkovic I, et al. Myosteatosis in the context of skeletal muscle function deficit: an interdisciplinary workshop at the National Institute on Aging. Front Physiol. 2020;11:963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00963.
Rubio-Ruiz ME, Guarner-Lans V, Perez-Torres I, Soto ME. Mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome-related sarcopenia and possible therapeutic measures. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(3):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030647.
Donini LM, Busetto L, Bauer JM, et al. Critical appraisal of definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity based on a systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(8):2368–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.024.
Srikanthan P, Hevener AL, Karlamangla AS. Sarcopenia exacerbates obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and nutrition examination survey III. PLoS One. 2010;5(5):e10805. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010805.
Farmer RE, Mathur R, Schmidt AF, et al. Associations between measures of sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis using the UK biobank. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(13):e011638. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011638.
Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, et al. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a population-based cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(2):253–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12652.
Roh E, Choi KM. Health consequences of sarcopenic obesity: a narrative review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00332.
Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, et al. Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res. 2004;12(12):1995–2004. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.250.
Sayer AA, Syddall HE, Martin HJ, et al. Is grip strength associated with health-related quality of life? Findings from the Hertfordshire cohort study. Age Ageing. 2006;35(4):409–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afl024.
Lee YH, Jung KS, Kim SU, et al. Sarcopaenia is associated with NAFLD independently of obesity and insulin resistance: nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008-2011). J Hepatol. 2015;63(2):486–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.051.
Lee YH, Kim SU, Song K, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with significant liver fibrosis independently of obesity and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008-2011). Hepatology. 2016;63(3):776–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28376.
Beaudart C, Zaaria M, Pasleau F, Reginster JY, Bruyere O. Health outcomes of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169548. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169548.
Gao Q, Mei F, Shang Y, et al. Global prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4633–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.009.
Tyrovolas S, Koyanagi A, Olaya B, et al. Factors associated with skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a multi-continent study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(3):312–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12076.
Baker JF, Harris T, Rapoport A, et al. Validation of a description of sarcopenic obesity defined as excess adiposity and low lean mass relative to adiposity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11(6):1580–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12613.
Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and functional impairments in older adults: National Health and nutrition examination surveys 1999-2004. Nutr Res. 2015;35(12):1031–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.003.
Du K, Goates S, Arensberg MB, Pereira S, Gaillard T. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity vary with race/ethnicity and advancing age. Divers Equal Health Care. 2018;15(4):175–83.
Wijarnpreecha K, Aby ES, Ahmed A, Kim D. Association between sarcopenic obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis detected by Fibroscan. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2021;30(2):227–32. https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld-3323.
Batsis JA, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(9):513–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0062-9.
Barazzoni R, Bischoff S, Boirie Y, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: time to meet the challenge. Obes Facts. 2018;11(4):294–305. https://doi.org/10.1159/000490361.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Methods and Analytic Guidelines. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/analyticguidelines.aspx. Accessed 17 Jan 2022
Studenski SA, Peters KW, Alley DE, et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):547–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu010.
Cawthon PM, Peters KW, Shardell MD, et al. Cutpoints for low appendicular lean mass that identify older adults with clinically significant weakness. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):567–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu023.
Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical Care of Patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(Suppl 3):1–203. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP161365.GL.
Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, et al. Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):342–62. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3415.
Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S102–38. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee.
Koopman RJ, Mainous AG 3rd, Diaz VA, Geesey ME. Changes in age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States, 1988 to 2000. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(1):60–3. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.214.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NHANES 1999-2006 DXA multiple imputation data files. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/dxa/dxa.aspx. Accessed 10 Feb 2022
Levine ME, Crimmins EM. The impact of insulin resistance and inflammation on the association between sarcopenic obesity and physical functioning. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(10):2101–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.20.
Yasuoka M, Muraki I, Imano H, et al. Joint impact of muscle mass and waist circumference on type 2 diabetes in Japanese middle-aged adults: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). J Diabetes. 2020;12(9):677–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13049.
Son JW, Lee SS, Kim SR, et al. Low muscle mass and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: findings from the KoGES. Diabetologia. 2017;60(5):865–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-4196-9.
Bellafronte NT, de Queiros Mattoso Ono A, Chiarello PG. Sarcopenic obesity in chronic kidney disease: challenges in diagnosis using different diagnostic criteria. Med Princ Pract. 2021;30(5):477–86. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517597.
Dierkes J, Dahl H, Lervaag Welland N, et al. High rates of central obesity and sarcopenia in CKD irrespective of renal replacement therapy - an observational cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):259. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-018-1055-6.
Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes. 2007;56(4):1010–3. https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-1656.
Waters DL, Qualls CR, Dorin RI, Veldhuis JD, Baumgartner RN. Altered growth hormone, cortisol, and leptin secretion in healthy elderly persons with sarcopenia and mixed body composition phenotypes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(5):536–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.5.536.
Comments (0)