An, K. Y., Charles, J., Ali, S., Enache, A., Dhuga, J., & Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Reexamining performance validity cutoffs within the Complex Ideational Material and the Boston Naming Test-Short Form using an experimental malingering paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1483488

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. Psychological Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_441

Book  Google Scholar 

Bodenburg, S. (2014). Die Standardabweichung der Reaktionszeiten als ein Maß für negative Antwortverzerrungen [Standard deviation of simple reaction time as an indication of negative response bias]. Zeitschrift Für Neuropsychologie, 25(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1024/1016-264X/a000123

Article  Google Scholar 

Boone, K. B. (2021). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2022.2064753

Article  Google Scholar 

Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Herzberg, D. (2002). The Dot Counting Test. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Service.

Brennan, A. M., Meyer, S., David, E., Pella, R., Hill, B. D., & Gouvier, W. D. (2009). The vulnerability to coaching across measures of effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(2), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802054151

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brockhaus, R., & Merten, T. (2004). Neuropsychologische Diagnostik suboptimalen Leistungsverhaltens mit dem Word Memory Test [Neuropsychological assessment of suboptimal performance: The Word Memory Test]. Der Nervenarzt, 75(9), 882–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-003-1592-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bush, S., Ruff, R., Troster, A., Barth, J., Koffler, S., Pliskin, N., Reynolds, C. R., & Silver, C. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity - NAN policy & planning committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butzbach, M., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, S., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2019). Basic processes as foundations of cognitive impairment in adult ADHD. Journal of Neural Transmission, 126(10), 1347–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02049-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

Conners, C. K. (2014). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – 3rd Edition (CPT-3) manual. Toronto, ON: Multi- Health Systems.

Conners, K. C. (2004). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT II). Version 5 for Windows. Technical guide and software manual. North Tonawada, NY: Multi-Health Systems.

Czornik, M., Merten, T., & Lehrner, J. (2021a). Symptom and performance validation in patients with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Applied: Neuropsychology Adult, 28(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1628761

Article  Google Scholar 

Czornik, M., Seidl, D., Tavakoli, S., Merten, T., & Lehrner, J. (2021b). Motor reaction times as an embedded measure of performance validity: A study with a sample of Austrian early retirement claimants. Psychological Injury and Law. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09431-z

Article  Google Scholar 

Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., van Twillert, B., van de Sande, P., van Os, Y., & Ponds, R. W. H. M. (2016). Poor symptom and performance validity in regularly referred hospital outpatients: Link with standard clinical measures, and role of incentives. Psychiatry Research, 239, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.061

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duncan, J. (2013). The structure of cognition: Attentional episodes in mind and brain. Neuron, 80(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.015

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2017). Invalid before impaired: An emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(6–7), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1323119

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Roth, R. M., Kirsch, N. L., Lajiness-O’neill, R., & Medoff, B. (2014). Aggregating validity indicators embedded in Conners’ CPT-II outperforms individual cutoffs at separating valid from invalid performance in adults with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(5), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu026

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erdodi, L. A., Sagar, S., Seke, K., Zuccato, B. G., Schwartz, E. S., & Roth, R. M. (2018). The Stroop test as a measure of performance validity in adults clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment. Psychological Assessment, 30(6), 755–766. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000525

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreira, I., Simões, M. R., & Marôco, J. (2013). Cognitive and psychomotor tests as predictors of on-road driving ability in older primary care patients. Transportation Research Part f: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 21, 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.007

Article  Google Scholar 

Fiene, M., Bittner, V., Fischer, J., Schwiecker, K., Heinze, H. J., & Zaehle, T. (2015). Untersuchung der Simulationssensibilität des Alertness-Tests der Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP) [Detecting simulation of attention defcits using the Alertness test of the Test of Attentional Performance (TAP)]. Zeitschrift Für Neuropsychologie, 26(2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1024/1016-264X/a000125

Article  Google Scholar 

Fish, J. (2017). Rehabilitation of attention disorders. In: B.A. Wilson, J. Winegardner, C.M. van Heugten, & T. Ownsworth (Eds.), Neuropsychological rehabilitation: The international handbook, 1st ed. (pp 172 – 186). Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315629537

Fuermaier, A. B. M., Fricke, J. A., de Vries, S. M., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2019). Neuropsychological assessment of adults with ADHD: A Delphi consensus study. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(4), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1429441

Article  Google Scholar 

Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Aschenbrenner, S., & Tucha, O. (2017). Vienna Test System (VTS): The Groningen Effort Test (GET) for the assessment of noncredible cognitive performance in the assessment of adult ADHD. Vienna, Austria: Schuhfried.

Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, O., Koerts, J., Grabski, M., Lange, K. W., Weisbrod, M., Aschrenbrenner, S., & Tucha, L. (2016). The development of an embedded figures test for the detection of feigned attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adulthood. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164297

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, O., Koerts, J., Send, T., Weisbrod, M., Aschenbrenner, S., & Tucha, L. (2018). Is motor activity during cognitive assessment an indicator for feigned ADHD in adults? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 40(10), 971–986. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1457139

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Green, P. (2003). Green’s Word Memory Test. User’s manual. Green’s Publishing.

Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6, 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.3.218

Article  Google Scholar 

Guilmette, T. J., Sweet, J. J., Hebben, N., Koltai, D., Mahone, E. M., Spiegler, B. J., Stucky, K., Westerveld, M., & Participants, C. (2020). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on uniform labeling of performance test scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(3), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1722244

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison, A. G., & Armstrong, I. T. (2020). Differences in performance on the test of variables of attention between credible vs. noncredible individuals being screened for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 9(4), 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2020.1750115

Article  Google Scholar 

Hautzinger, M., Keller, F., Kühner, C., & Bürger, C. (2006). Das Beck Depressions-Inventar II (BDI-II) [The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)]. Harcourt Test Services.

Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Meyers, J. E. (2008). Sensitivity to brain dysfunction of the Halstead-Reitan vs an ability-focused neuropsychological battery. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(5), 813–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701625846

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leark, R. A., Greenberg, L. M., Kindschi, C. L., Dupuy, T. R., & Hughes, S. J. (2007). T.O.V.A. professional manual. Test of variables of attention continuous performance test. Los Alamitos, CA: The T.O.V.A Company.

Leppma, M., Long, D., Smith, M., & Lassiter, C. (2018). Detecting symptom exaggeration in college students seeking ADHD treatment: Performance validity assessment using the NV-MSVT and IVA-Plus. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult., 25(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2016.1277723

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin, P. K., & Schroeder, R. W. (2020). Base rates of invalid test performance across clinical non-forensic contexts and settings. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(6), 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merten, T., Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Hall, V., Bodner, T., Giromini, L., Lehrner, J., Gonzalez-Ordi, H., Santamaria, P., Schmand, B., & Di Stefano, G. (2021). Symptom and performance validity assessment in European countries: An update. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09436-8

Book  Google Scholar 

Merten, T., Kaminski, A., & Pfeiffer, W. (2020). Prevalence of overreporting on symptom validity tests in a large sample of psychosomatic rehabilitation inpatients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(5), 1004–1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1694073

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohamed, S. M. H., Butzbach, M., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Weisbrod, M., Aschenbrenner, S., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2021). Basic and complex cognitive functions in adult ADHD. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0256228. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256228

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ovsiew, G. P., Resch, Z. J., Nayar, K., Williams, C. P., & Soble, J. R. (2020). Not so fast! Limitations of processing speed and working memory indices as embedded performance validity tests in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 42(5), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2020.1758635

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plomin, R. (1986). Development, genetics, and psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Google Scholar 

Rhoads, T., Neale, A. C., Resch, Z. J., Cohen, C. D., Keezer, R. D., Cerny, B. M., Jennette, K. J., Ovsiew, G. P., & Soble, J. R. (2021). Psychometric implications of failure on one performance validity test: A cross-validation study to inform criterion group definition. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 43(5), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2021.1945540

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Risser, R., Chaloupka, C., Grundler, W., Sommer, M., Häusler, J., & Kaufmann, C. (2008). Using non-linear methods to investigate the criterion validity of traffic-psychological test batteries. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40(1), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.12.018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rogers, R., Salekin, R. T., Sewell, K. W., Goldstein, A. M., & Leonard, K. (1998). A comparison of forensic and nonforensic malingerers: A prototypical analysis of explanatory models. Law and Human Behavior, 22(4), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025714808591

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome, E. D., Jr., & Beck, L. H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20(5), 343. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043220

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schroeder, R. W., & Martin, P. K. (2021). Forced-choice performance validity tests. In K. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 34–63). Guilford Press.

Google Scholar 

Schroeder, R. W., Clark, H. A., & Martin, P. K. (2021). Base rates of invalidity when patients undergoing routine clinical evaluations have social security disability as an external incentive. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1895322

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schroeder, R. W., Martin, P. K., Heinrichs, R. J., & Baade, L. E. (2019). Research methods in performance validity testing stu