Background Jejunal diverticulitis is an uncommon but increasingly recognized cause of acute abdomen. It can present with a range of CT findings, including peridiverticular inflammation, bowel wall thickening, and fecalized small bowel content, with perforation or abscess occurring as complications in roughly 6% of cases. Case reports note varied presentations with jejunal and ileal involvement, treatment ranging from nonoperative management with antibiotics to urgent surgical intervention. Though rare, small bowel diverticulitis, particularly involving the jejunum, can result in significant morbidity, including peritonitis and sepsis, requiring heightened clinical suspicion in elderly or immunocompromised patients.

Methods We conducted a single center retrospective review of patients diagnosed with jejunal diverticulitis in a single academic center’s Emergency General Surgery registry between December 2017 and December 2024. Of 42 patients initially identified, 34 had confirmed diagnoses on chart review. Data abstracted included age, sex, imaging modality, presence of perforation, serial physical exams, lab values (CBC, lactate), ICU admission, length of stay (LOS), antibiotic duration, operative status and timing, distance of residence from our institution, disposition after index admission, and readmission within one year.

Results Of the 34 confirmed cases, 24 (71%) were perforated: 2 presented with small bowel obstruction, 16 with abscesses and/or contained perforations, and 1 with both. 19 of the 24 perforated patients required operative intervention: 9 proceeded directly to the OR, 3 on hospital day one, and 2 as late as hospital day six. Among non-operative patients treated with antibiotics alone, the average LOS was 6 days (range: 2–23). Two patients were readmitted within one year: neither had undergone surgery during their index admission and neither were related to their index admission. Overall, three patients died: two during the index admission (both perforated and operated on) and one on readmission.

Conclusion Compared to the 6% complication rate reported in prior literature, our series demonstrates a notably higher rate of perforation (71%) among patients diagnosed with jejunal diverticulitis. Operative intervention was common, though a subset of patients was successfully managed non-operatively with antibiotics. Mortality was limited to patients with significant comorbidities and complex presentations. These findings underscore the heterogeneity in presentation and outcomes and highlight the need for a standardized approach. Development of practice guidelines incorporating clinical, radiographic, and laboratory parameters may improve diagnostic accuracy and guide timely, evidence-based management of this rare but serious condition.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This study did not receive any funding.

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IRB of the University of Vermont Medical Center gave ethical approval for this work.

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