Huang Y, Li Y, Pan H, Han L (2023) Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders in 204 countries and territories worldwide. J Glob Health 13:04160. https://doi.org/10.7189/JOGH.13.04160

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choonara YE, Pillay V, Du Toit LC, Modi G, Naidoo D, Ndesendo VM, Sibambo SR (2009) Trends in the molecular pathogenesis and clinical therapeutics of common neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci 10:2510–2557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10062510

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Przedborski S, Vila M, Jackson-Lewis V (2003) Series Introduction: neurodegeneration: what is it and where are we? J Clin Investig 111:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200317522

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hague S, Klaffke S, Bandmann O (2005) Neurodegenerative disorders: Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1058–1063. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.060186

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martin JB (1999) Molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disorders. N Engl J Med 340:1970–1980. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199906243402507

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kovacs GG (2019) Molecular pathology of neurodegenerative diseases: principles and practice. J Clin Pathol 72:725–735. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205952

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jellinger KA (2010) Basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration: a critical update. J Cell Mol Med 14:457–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01010.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wareham LK, Liddelow SA, Temple S, Benowitz LI, Di Polo A, Wellington C, Goldberg JL, He Z, Duan X, Bu G, Davis AA, Shekhar K, La Torre A, Chan DC, Canto-Soler MV, Flanagan JG, Subramanian P, Rossi S, Brunner T, Bovenkamp DE, Calkins DJ (2022) Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments. Mol Neurodegener 17:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-022-00524-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Golde TE (2009) The therapeutic importance of understanding mechanisms of neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disease. Mol Neurodegener 4:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-4-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Heo C (2014) Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 15:2219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ciurea AV, Mohan AG, Covache-Busuioc R-A, Costin H-P, Glavan L-A, Corlatescu A-D, Saceleanu VM (2023) Unraveling molecular and genetic insights into neurodegenerative diseases: advances in understanding Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 24(13):10809. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310809

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ricci C (2024) Neurodegenerative disease: from molecular basis to therapy. Int J Mol Sci 25:967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020967

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allan SM, Rothwell NJ (2003) Inflammation in central nervous system injury. Philos Trans R Soc B 358:1669–1677. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1358

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson HJNL (2002) The role of stress in neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. Neuroendocrinol Lett 23:199–208

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Z, Zhou T, Ziegler AC, Dimitrion P, Zuo L (2017) Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:2525967. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2525967

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baig MH, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Danishuddin M, Choi I (2018) Computer aided drug design and its application to the development of potential drugs for neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 16(6):740–748. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666171016163510

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strafella C, Caputo V, Galota MR, Zampatti S, Marella G, Mauriello S, Cascella R, Giardina E (2018) Application of precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurol 9:701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00701

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia

No authors listed (2024) 2024 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement 20(5):3708–3821. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13809

Article  Google Scholar 

Spires-Jones TL, Hyman BT (2014) The intersection of amyloid beta and tau at synapses in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 82:756–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bayer TA, Wirths O (2010) Intracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta-a predictor for synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2:8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2010.00008

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pickett EK, Herrmann AG, McQueen J, Abt K, Dando O, Tulloch J, Jain P, Dunnett S, Sohrabi S, Fjeldstad MP (2019) Amyloid beta and tau cooperate to cause reversible behavioral and transcriptional deficits in a model of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Rep 29:3592–3604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.044

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/statistics

Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J, Marras C, Luciano MS, Tanner C (2024) The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 403(10423):283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01419-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hampel H, Mesulam M-M, Cuello AC, Khachaturian AS, Vergallo A, Farlow M, Snyder P, Giacobini E, Khachaturian Z (2019) Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease: emerging evidence from translational and clinical research. J Prev Alzheimer’s Dis 6:2–15. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2018.43

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M (2002) Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. IDrugs 5(11):1062–1069

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behl T, Kaur D, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Zengin G, Andronie-Cioara FL, Toma MM, Bungau S, Bumbu AG (2021) Role of monoamine oxidase activity in Alzheimer’s disease: an insight into the therapeutic potential of inhibitors. Molecules 26(12):3724. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123724

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marucci G, Buccioni M, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Volpini R, Amenta F (2021) Efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology 190:108352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108352

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boos J, Shubbar A, Geldenhuys WJ (2021) Dual monoamine oxidase B and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors for treating movement and cognition deficits in a C. elegans model of Parkinson’s disease. Med Chem Res 30(5):1166–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-021-02720-x

Article