Abbade Y, Kisla MM, Hassan MA, Celik I, Dogan TS, Mutlu P et al (2024) Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and In Silico Modeling of Alkylsulfonyl Benzimidazole Derivatives: Unveiling Potent Bcl-2 Inhibitors for Breast Cancer. ACS Omega 9(8):9547–9563. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c09411

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

AboulWafa OM, Daabees HMG, Badawi WA (2020) 2-anilinopyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, in vitro anti-proliferative activity, EGFR and ARO inhibitory activity, cell cycle analysis and molecular docking study. Bioorg Chem 99:103798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103798

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adefolaju GA, Theron KE, Hosie MJ (2015) BAX/BCL-2 mRNA and protein expression in human breast MCF-7 cells exposed to drug vehicles-methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 24 hrs. Niger Med J 56(3):169–174. https://doi.org/10.4103/0300-1652.160349

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akter R, Hossain MZ, Kleve MG, Gealt MA (2012) Wortmannin induces MCF-7 breast cancer cell death via the apoptotic pathway, involving chromatin condensation, generation of reactive oxygen species, and membrane blebbing. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press 4:103–113. https://doi.org/10.2147/BCTT.S31712

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anand U, Dey A, Chandel AKS, Sanyal R, Mishra A, Pandey DK et al (2023) Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics. Genes Dis 10(4):1367–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2022.02.007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Badawi WA, Samir M, Fathy HM, Okda TM, Noureldin MH, Atwa GMK et al (2023) Design, synthesis and molecular docking study of new pyrimidine-based hydrazones with selective anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. Bioorg Chem 138:106610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106610

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balachandran S, Arumugam MK, Michael I, Rajesh V (2026) Cyclo(Pro-Tyr) suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation through modulation of Cyclin-Dependent kinase signaling: an in silico and in vitro study. EPJ Web Conferences 357:02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202635702007

Article  Google Scholar 

Baliyan S, Mukherjee R, Priyadarshini A, Vibhuti A, Gupta A, Pandey RP et al (2022) Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041326

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bojarska J, Mieczkowski A, Ziora ZM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Shalash AO et al (2021) Cyclic dipeptides: the biological and structural landscape with special focus on the anti-cancer proline-based scaffold. Biomolecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101515

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calero M, Chiappi M, Lazaro-Carrillo A, Rodriguez MJ, Chichon FJ, Crosbie-Staunton K et al (2015) Characterization of interaction of magnetic nanoparticles with breast cancer cells. J Nanobiotechnol 13:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-015-0073-9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Debela DT, Muzazu SG, Heraro KD, Ndalama MT, Mesele BW, Haile DC et al (2021) New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Med 9:20503121211034366. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211034366

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Durán-Maldonado MX, Hernández-Ramos X, Campos-Morales ME, Martínez-Alcantar L, Hernández-Padilla L, Campos-García J (2026) Bacterial cyclodipeptides inhibit invasiveness and metastasis progression in the triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 mouse model. Molecules 4(3):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030543

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Elmongy EI, Binjubair FA, Alshehri OY, Baeshen KA, Almukhalfi ZA, Henidi HA (2023) In silico screening and anticancer-apoptotic evaluation of newly synthesized thienopyrimidine/sulfonamide hybrids. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310827

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garrido Gonzalez FP, Perez M, Cortes MER, Jimenez OM, E., Percino M, T (2025) Selective Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of 2,6-Diketopiperazines on MDA-MB-231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 105(4):e70098. https://doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.70098

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghavimi R, Mahmoudi S, Mohammadi M, Khodamoradi E, Jahanian-Najafabadi A (2025) Exploring the potential of anticancer peptides as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Res Pharm Sci 20(2):165–187. https://doi.org/10.4103/RPS.RPS_75_24

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gomha SM, Riyadh SM, Huwaimel B, Zayed MEM, Abdellattif MH (2022) Synthesis, molecular docking study, and cytotoxic activity against MCF cells of new thiazole-thiophene scaffolds. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144639

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gupta S, Kass GE, Szegezdi E, Joseph B (2009) The mitochondrial death pathway: a promising therapeutic target in diseases. J Cell Mol Med 13(6):1004–1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00697.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huschka R, Neumann O, Barhoumi A, Halas NJ (2010) Visualizing light-triggered release of molecules inside living cells. Nano Lett 10(10):4117–4122. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl102293b

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jayaraman V, Arumugam MK, Balachandran S, Boopathy L, Arumugam S, Srirangaramasamy J et al (2025) Anticancer Effects of Monacolin X Against Human Liver Cancer Cell Line: Exploring the Apoptosis Using AO/EB and DCFHDA Fluorescent Staining. Luminescence 40(6):e70229. https://doi.org/10.1002/bio.70229

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin B, Liu J, Gao D, Xu Y, He L, Zang Y et al (2020) Detailed studies on the anticancer action of rosmarinic acid in human Hep-G2 liver carcinoma cells: evaluating its effects on cellular apoptosis, caspase activation and suppression of cell migration and invasion. J BUON 25(3):1383–1389. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32862580

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jinendiran S, Teng W, Dahms HU et al (2020) Induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth in zebrafish xenograft model by cyclic dipeptides identified from Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Sci Rep 10:13721. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70516-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jing Y, Kobayashi M, Vu HT, Kasahara A, Chen X, Pham LT et al (2022) Therapeutic advantage of targeting lysosomal membrane integrity supported by lysophagy in malignant glioma. Cancer Sci 113(8):2716–2726. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15451

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K et al (2023) Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol 97(10):2499–2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jouan E, Le Vee M, Denizot C, Da Violante G, Fardel O (2014) The mitochondrial fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 is a high-affinity substrate for organic cation transporters (OCTs) 1 and 2. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 28(1):65–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01071.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kannan K, Jain SK (2000) Oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pathophysiology 7(3):153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-4680(00)00053-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karanam G, Arumugam MK (2020) Reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction for the initiation of apoptotic cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by a cyclic dipeptide Cyclo(-Pro-Tyr). Mol Biol Rep 47(5):3347–3359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05407-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karanam G, Arumugam MK (2022) Potential anticancer effects of cyclo(-Pro-Tyr) against N-diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mouse through PI3K/AKT signaling. Environ Toxicol 37(2):256–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23395

Article