The evolving concept from Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome to metabolic associated liver-cardiovascular-kidney syndrome: insights from endocrinology

Ndumele C, Neeland I, Tuttle K, Chow SL, Mathew RO, Khan SS, et al. A synopsis of the evidence for the science and clinical management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(20):1636–1664.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoccali C, Zannad F. Refocusing cardio-renal problems: the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and the chronic cardiovascular-kidney disorder. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024;39(9):1378–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Halimi JM, Rossignol P, Sarafidis P, De Caterina R, et al. Chronic cardiovascular-kidney disorder: a new conceptual framework. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024;20(4):201–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tacke F, Horn P, Wai-Sun Wong V, Ratziu V, Bugianesi E, Francque S, et al. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Obes Facts. 2024;17(4):374–444.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiangao F, Xu X, Nan Y, Wei L, Jia J, Zhuang H, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of metabolic dysfunction - associated (non - alcoholic) fatty liver disease (Version 2024). J Prac Hepatol. 2024;27(04):494–510.

Google Scholar 

Aggarwal R, Ostrominski JW, Vaduganathan M. Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages in US adults, 2011–2020. JAMA. 2024;331(21):1858–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Parise H, Sullivan L, Meigs JB. Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2005;112(20):3066–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sigurdsson E, Thorgeirsson G, Sigvaldason H, Sigfusson N. Unrecognized myocardial infarction: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and the prognostic role of angina pectoris. The Reykjavik Study. Annals of internal medicine. 1995;122(2):96–102.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pelle MC, Provenzano M, Busutti M, Porcu CV, Zaffina I, Stanga L, et al. Up-Date on Diabetic Nephropathy. Life (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;12(8):1202.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet (London, England). 2017;389(10075):1238–1252.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bedo D, Beaudrey T, Florens N. Unraveling Chronic Cardiovascular and Kidney Disorder through the Butterfly Effect. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland). 2024;14(5):463.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mikolasevic I, Milic S, Turk Wensveen T, Grgic I, Jakopcic I, Stimac D, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - A multisystem disease? World journal of gastroenterology. 2016;22(43):9488–9505.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yki JrH. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology. 2014;2(11):901–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications. Gut. 2024;73(4):691–702.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Man S, Deng Y, Ma Y, Fu J, Bao H, Yu C, et al. Prevalence of Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis in the General Population and Various High-Risk Populations: A Nationwide Study With 5.7 Million Adults in China. Gastroenterology. 2023;165(4):1025–1040.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

En Li Cho E, Ang CZ, Quek J, Fu CE, Lim LKE, Heng ZEQ, et al. Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2023;72(11):2138–2148.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ajmera V, Cepin S, Tesfai K, Hofflich H, Cadman K, Lopez S, et al. A prospective study on the prevalence of NAFLD, advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in people with type 2 diabetes. Journal of hepatology. 2023;78(3):471–478.

Golabi P, Paik JM, Kumar A, Al Shabeeb R, Eberly KE, Cusi K, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and associated mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, metabolically unhealthy, and metabolically healthy individuals in the United States. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2023;146:155642.

Lai LL, Wan Yusoff WNI, Vethakkan SR, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S, Chan WK. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using transient elastography. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2019;34(8):1396–1403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castera L, Laouenan C, Vallet-Pichard A, Vidal-Trécan T, Manchon P, Paradis V, et al. High Prevalence of NASH and Advanced Fibrosis in Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study of 330 Outpatients Undergoing Liver Biopsies for Elevated ALT, Using a Low Threshold. Diabetes care. 2023;46(7):1354–1362.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Tilg H, Byrne CD, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals. Gut. 2021;70(5):962–969.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Mantovani A, Targher G. Hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and NASH: Cause or consequence? Journal of hepatology. 2018;68(2):335–352.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gao Y, Zhao T, Song S, Duo Y, Gao J, Yuan T, et al. Lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review and meta-analysis. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2023;200:110699.

Google Scholar 

Roderburg C, Krieg S, Krieg A, Vaghiri S, Mohr R, Konrad M, et al. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and risk of new-onset heart failure: a retrospective analysis of 173,966 patients. Clin Res Cardiol. 2023;112(10):1446–1453.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Csermely A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Corey KE, Simon TG, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(11):903–913.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simon TG, Roelstraete B, Hagstrom H, Sundstrom J, Ludvigsson JF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and incident major adverse cardiovascular events: results from a nationwide histology cohort. Gut. 2022;71(9):1867–1875.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee HH, Lee HA, Kim EJ, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and risk of cardiovascular disease. Gut. 2024;73(3):533–540.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Sun Y, Fu T, et al. Risk of incident cardiovascular disease among patients with gastrointestinal disorder: a prospective cohort study of 330 751 individuals. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2024;10(4):357–365.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun YF, Hong L, Huang Z, Wang LH, Xiong YQ, Zong SH, et al. Fibrosis Risk in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Related to Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Type 2 Diabetes Patients. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2022;107(9):E3661–E3669.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Zaza G, Byrne CD,Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Bonora E, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of incident chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2018; 79: 64-76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Peatrice G, Beatrice G,Csermely A, Lonardo A, Schattenberg JM, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: an updated meta-analysis. Gut. 2022; 71(1):156–162.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. Journal of hepatology. 2015;62(1 Suppl):S47–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Targher G, Tilg H, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 2021;6(7):578–588.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perry RJ, Camporez JG, Kursawe R, Titchenell PM, Zhang D, Perry CJ, et al. Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell. 2015;160(4):745–758.

Article  Google Scholar 

Titchenell PM, Chu Q, Monks BR, Birnbaum MJ. Hepatic insulin signalling is dispensable for suppression of glucose output by insulin in vivo. Nature communications. 2015;6:7078.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ-Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance. Endocrine reviews. 2019;40(5):1367–1393.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan WK, Chuah KH, Rajaram RB, Lim LL, Ratnasingam J, Vethakkan SR.

Comments (0)

No login
gif